Implementation Of Adaptation Strategies Research Articles

Shrimp Farmer’s Perceptions and Adaptation Strategies to the Threat of Climate Change in Bangil District, East Java

As one of the main stakeholders in the fishing industry, shrimp farmers are directly affected by climate change that causes changes in seawater temperature, rainfall, and unpredictable weather patterns. Related to the issue, the threat to income may be felt by shrimp farmers. Therefore, in this study, we highlight two objectives as a basis for drawing up this article, namely (1) to understand shrimp farmers’ perceptions of climate change, and (2) to identify factors that influence farmers’ decisions in implementing adaptation strategies. There are two types of analysis that we use, namely descriptive analysis and logit regression analysis. Our findings show that the majority of shrimp farmers consider climate change manifested in the form of changes in rainfall patterns (96.21%), increases in pond water temperatures (98.71%), decreases in yield production (95.41%), and increases in shrimp pests and diseases (96.23%). The results of our logit regression analysis show that the decision-making factors of shrimp farmers are significantly influenced. These results indicate that the implementation of adaptation strategies in the fisheries sector can generate significant growth and reduce the risks posed by climate change. As a result, the government needs to encourage the development of more suitable climate change adaptation strategies for small-scale shrimp farmers in Indonesia.

Adapting to Climate Change in Vulnerable Areas: Farmers’ Perceptions in the Punjab, Pakistan

Climate variability and change pose a substantial threat to agricultural practices and livelihoods in the Punjab province of Pakistan, a region of agricultural significance in South Asia. In particular, farmers residing in vulnerable parts of Punjab will be affected by a combination of high exposure to the impacts of climate events, the innate sensitivity of agricultural systems, and constraints on farmers’ adaptive capacity. The situation requires closer engagement with vulnerable farming communities of Punjab to assess their vulnerability and build their capacity for adaptation actions. Through qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with farmers from four highly vulnerable districts of Punjab (Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, Chakwal, Dera Ghazi Khan), we explored farmers’ perceptions of climate change, their adaptation strategies, and enablers and limitations on adaptation options imposed by the enabling environment. We found issues around water governance, knowledge exchange, and market arrangements for crops as key limitations to farmers’ local adaptation action in highly resource-constrained settings. Moreover, the results indicated the need to address equity issues for small-scale compared to large-scale farmers. Farmers valued their experience-based local knowledge and peer-to-peer sharing networks as pivotal resources in pursuit of their practice-based learning. The research findings highlighted the necessity of directed institutional assistance to empower adaptation by vulnerable small-scale farmers. This study emphasizes the critical significance of the enabling environment that facilitates vulnerable farmers to implement adaptation strategies, thereby promoting the adoption of Vulnerable-Smart Agriculture.

Adaptasi Budaya dan Akomodasi Komunikasi Peserta Inbound Pertukaran Mahasiswa Merdeka Angkatan 1 Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar

The Merdeka Student Exchange Program is a component of the Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) initiative that requires participants to engage in learning and interaction with students from various universities, representing diverse ethnicities, religions, races, and cultures. In the context of intercultural communication, cultural adaptation becomes a necessity for participants in the Merdeka Student Exchange Program. During the cultural adaptation process, inbound students from the Merdeka Student Exchange Program at Muhammadiyah University Makassar often experience culture shock, posing a challenge during the cultural adaptation process. To overcome culture shock, solutions can be found through the implementation of adaptation strategies, one of which is communication accommodation. The research method employed is a qualitative approach using descriptive methods. Data collection techniques involve interviews, observations, and document collection. In terms of data analysis, the study applies the theory proposed by Miles and Huberman, involving stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. To ensure data validity, the research utilizes triangulation methods, both in terms of data sources and methodological approaches.

Thai farmers’ perceptions on climate change: Evidence on durian farms in Surat Thani province

Rising temperatures, unpredictable rainfall patterns, and an increase in extreme weather events pose significant threats to agricultural productivity and food security. These conditions provide the glimpse of the future and smallholder farmers, who often lack access to resources and support, are particularly vulnerable. Among the crops cultivated in Thailand, durian stands out as a uniquely cherished commodity, predominantly cultivated by these vulnerable farmers and despite the significance of this crop, there remains a notable oversight in understanding the specific challenges and vulnerabilities faced by durian growers in the face of changing climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the perception of climate change and the adaptive capacity among durian farmers in Southern Thailand. A survey involving 80 durian farmers from Surat Thani province was conducted, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression model. Findings found that 91.2 % of respondents acknowledged the impact of climate change, with 53.1 % opting to implement adaptation strategies. Factors such as lower education levels, limited farming experience, small farm sizes, and greater reliance on family labor significantly influenced the adoption of these strategies. Farmers achieving higher yields tended to adopt information and communication technologies (ICT), while smart farming technology (SFT) was more common among younger farmers and those with larger farms. This study indicates factors influencing adoption and a potential gap between awareness and action among durian farmers, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and support mechanisms to encourage and facilitate the implementation of adaptation measures.

Neurorehabilitation across the Continuum: From the Neurocritical care unit to home

Children admitted to neurocritical care units often experience new neurodevelopmental disabilities due to both their acquired neurologic injuries and deconditioning from prolonged hospitalizations. Rehabilitation for critically ill children is multifactorial and begins in the intensive care unit itself. The goals of rehabilitation include prevention of complications associated with immobilization and evolving tone, comprehensive evaluation and treatment of functional deficits, and implementation of adaptive strategies with the goal of maximizing recovery. As a child progresses along the medical continuum from the neurocritical care unit to acute care to post-hospitalization settings, their rehabilitative needs and interventions should also evolve.A child in the neurocritical care unit is likely to have sustained an acquired brain injury. Whether resulting from traumatic or non-traumatic causes, all etiologies of pediatric acquired brain injury can result in significant challenges for the child and their family. Post-intensive care syndrome-pediatrics is a clinical construct that that systematically organizes the range of physical, cognitive, psychological, and social symptoms that emerge in both a child and their family members following a critical illness. Ideally, outpatient care for this population evaluates and supports all areas of post-intensive care syndrome-pediatrics through an interdisciplinary clinical care model. Proactive and comprehensive rehabilitation across the continuum provides the opportunity to support the child and their family in all areas affected, thereby minimizing distress, maximizing function, and optimizing outcomes.

Planning for Drinking Water Salinization in the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coast Regions

Problem, research strategy, and findings Sea-level rise will bring ocean salts inland and salinize the drinking water sources of some coastal communities. How are municipalities, regions, and states preparing for salinization? In this study I evaluated 264 climate plans and seven state water plans from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. Of these, 65 climate adaptation plans engaged with salinization in the context of drinking water; 21 made salinity adaptation recommendations, 6 discussed implemented monitoring or modeling, and 11 discussed implemented adaptation strategies. In state water plans, some states showed considerable salinization adaptation activity, but not all linked these actions to climate adaptation. Despite seawater intrusion and salinization being widely recognized, actions were concentrated in fewer states. Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, Florida, and Texas exhibited high degrees of engagement. Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia showed little evidence of planning for salinization in climate or state water plans. In the absence of federal or state governments leading on managing sea-level rise–driven salinization, evaluating and preparing for the challenge of salinization is likely to become the de facto responsibility of coastal water suppliers and well owners, who may not have the capacity, budget, or jurisdiction to adequately monitor and protect supplies. Takeaway for practice Left to individual drinking water suppliers and well owners with varying capacity for adaptation, water supply salinization driven by sea-level rise has the potential to exacerbate existing inequities in drinking water provision. Planners can contribute to adapting coastal drinking water systems by integrating monitoring and modeling into climate adaptation plans, creating partnerships that enable drinking water adaptation actions, and supporting new approaches to water funding and financing.

Building climate resilience: awareness of climate change adaptation in German outpatient medical practices

BackgroundClimate change is seen as the biggest health threat of the twenty-first century. Making outpatient medical practices resilient is therefore crucial to protect vulnerable groups and maintain quality of care. Awareness is a precondition for action. This study aims to explore awareness (knowledge, experience and attention) of climate change adaptation among stakeholders of outpatient medical practices.MethodsSemi-structured interviews and focus groups with stakeholders of outpatient medical practices were conducted. The qualitative data were analysed in a two-step Thematic Analysis process.ResultsIn total, n = 40 stakeholders participated in two focus groups and 26 interviews. The findings show a mixed degree of awareness in outpatient medical practices. The spectrum ranged from a passive role with curative acting only, handing over responsibility to others and a low perceived self-efficacy to a proactive and responsible implementation of adaptation strategies. Participants who saw the need and responsibility of climate change adaptation in medical practices perceived low additional workload. In general, implementation of climate change adaptation measures and general awareness of climate change adaptation appeared to be depending on a certain tension for change and a higher self-efficacy.ConclusionMedical practices, and specifically primary care, plays a crucial role in climate change adaptation, and awareness needs to be increased further in order to cope with consequences of climate change. To facilitate this, there should be a strong emphasis on climate change adaptation strategies being part of outpatient care provider roles rather than being perceived as an “add-on” to already high workloads.

Analysis of Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Production and Adaptation Strategies for Farmers: Agricultural Policy Perspectives.

Climate change poses significant challenges to agricultural production, impacting farmers globally. This journal article conducts an in-depth analysis of the effects of climate change on agricultural production and explores adaptation strategies from an agricultural policy perspective. The research employs a comprehensive review of existing literature, empirical data, and agricultural policies to assess the multifaceted implications of climate change on global food security.
 The study reveals the diverse impacts of climate change on agricultural systems, including altered precipitation patterns, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and shifts in temperature regimes. These changes result in disruptions to crop cycles, reduced yields, and heightened vulnerability for farmers. In response, the research identifies and evaluates various adaptation strategies implemented by agricultural policymakers.
 Adaptation strategies encompass a range of measures, including the development of drought-resistant crop varieties, improved water management practices, and the promotion of climate-smart agricultural techniques. The analysis extends to the assessment of policy frameworks that support the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, emphasizing the importance of integrating climate adaptation into broader agricultural policies.
 The article concludes with policy recommendations aimed at fostering a more resilient agricultural sector in the face of climate change. It underscores the need for collaborative efforts between policymakers, researchers, and farmers to ensure the effective implementation of adaptation strategies. By aligning agricultural policies with climate adaptation goals, nations can mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on agricultural production and enhance the overall sustainability of the sector.

Breaking barriers in accessing and uptaking climate change adaptation information by smallholder tomato farmers in Tanzania

Purpose This study aims to assess barriers in accessing and uptaking climate change adaptation information among smallholder tomato farmers in Tanzania. Design/methodology/approach This study was conducted in Iringa and Morogoro regions, Tanzania. It adopted cross-sectional research design. Multistage, purposive and random sampling techniques with a sample size of 183 smallholder tomato farmers were used. Questionnaires containing closed- and open-ended questions, interview guide and focus group discussions were used to collect data. To ensure validity and reliability of data collection instruments, pretesting of the questionnaires was conducted by administering them to a small group of smallholder tomato growers. Statistical Product and Service Solutions software was used to analyse quantitative data while NVivo was used for analysing qualitative data. Findings Lack of clear understanding of climate change information (132, 72.1%), scarcity of libraries and information centres (125, 68.3%), inadequate income (125, 68.3%), lack of trust of sources of information (114, 62.3%), lack of sufficient knowledge about climate change (111, 60%), illiteracy (110, 60.1%), poor distribution of electricity in rural areas (109, 59.6%) and use of jargons (93, 50.8%) in explaining climate change adaptation issues are hindrances for smallholder tomato farmers to access and uptake climate change adaptation information. Research limitations/implications This study was conducted in only two districts in Tanzania; thus, the findings cannot be generalized. Practical implications The government and relevant agencies are recommended to use appropriate strategies for breaking the barriers that impede easy access and uptake of climate change adaptation information by smallholder tomato farmers as one of the interventions to combat the impacts posed by climate change. Social implications This study has contributed to the ongoing discourses on climate change issues. Such discourses have influenced attention and understanding of the role of access and uptake of climate change adaptation information by smallholder farmers for planning and implementation of adaptation strategies through awareness creation. Originality/value This study is in line with goal number 13.3 of Sustainable Development Goals, which vows on taking necessary actions in combating climate change and its impacts. Thus, smallholder tomato farmers’ awareness about climate change through access and uptake of climate change adaptation information is one of the interventions to combat climate change and its impacts.

Official heat warnings miss situations with a detectable societal heat response in European countries

The frequency and intensity of heat waves are increasing globally. In this context it is not clear how the related impacts differ between countries with different vulnerability and exposure characteristics, such as overall climatic conditions and implemented adaptation strategies, e.g. urban planning and planting trees to reduce heat island effect, air conditioning, communication with the public about danger of heat waves. The release of official heat warnings two to six days in advance plays an important role in notifying the population. However, it remains uncertain to which extent they capture days with societal heat responses. Here, we analyze and compare the response of several societal metrics (Google search attention, excess mortality, press attention) to hot temperatures in twelve European countries. We identify country-specific temperature thresholds above which societal responses increase. We find higher thresholds in warmer countries, indicating overall lower heat vulnerability in southern Europe. Meanwhile, we find similar numbers of societally relevant hot days across countries, computed as the sum of days on which more than 50 % of a country's population experiencing temperatures above the detected thresholds. This indicates that the reduced vulnerability and exposure found for warmer countries are counteracted by hotter heat waves. Finally, the determined number of societally relevant hot days generally exceeds the number of days with heat warnings in five investigated countries: Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Romania, and Sweden. This suggests that lower temperature thresholds would be better aligned with detectable societal responses and should therefore be considered in the context of warning systems.

Social adaptive behavior and oscillatory prevalence in an epidemic model on evolving random geometric graphs

Our recent experience with the COVID-19 pandemic amply shows that spatial effects like the mobility of agents and average interpersonal distance, together with the adaptation of agents, are very important in deciding the outcome of epidemic dynamics. Structural and dynamical aspects of random geometric graphs are widely employed in describing processes with a spatial dependence, such as the spread of an airborne disease. In this work, we investigate the interplay between spatial factors, such as agent mobility and average interpersonal distance, and the adaptive responses of individuals to an ongoing epidemic within the framework of random geometric graphs. We show that such spatial factors, together with the adaptive behavior of the agents in response to the prevailing level of global epidemic, can give rise to oscillatory prevalence even with the classical SIR framework. We characterize in detail the effects of social adaptation and mobility of agents on the disease dynamics and obtain the threshold values. We also study the effects of delayed adaptive response of agents on epidemic dynamics. We show that a delay in executing non-pharmaceutical spatial mitigation strategies can amplify oscillatory prevalence tendencies and can have non-linear effects on peak prevalence. This underscores the importance of early implementation of adaptive strategies coupled with the dissemination of real-time prevalence information to manage and control the epidemic effectively.

Identification of prehospital emergency challenges in the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review

Objective: The prehospital emergency system, as the front line of the health system, has played a very prominent role in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that identifying the challenges of this area in facing various crises, especially COVID-19, can be a road map for preparing and planning for crisis management in the future, the current study was conducted with the aim of identifying the challenges of prehospital emergency in facing the corona pandemic.
 Methods: The present systematic review was carried out based on the PRISMA protocol. The search was conducted using the keywords “challenges, obstacles, prehospital emergency and COVID-19” in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and Google Scholar search engine between December 15, 2019 and March 20, 2023. Non-English articles and articles outside the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic were excluded from the study. CASP (critical appraisal skills program), JBI (Joanna Briggs institute) and MMAT (mixed methods appraisal tool) checklists were used to evaluate the quality of the articles.
 Results: Based on the searches, 12 articles were finally evaluated. Challenges extracted from the analysis of studies were classified into 3 main categories and 7 subcategories including the main categories of “process, structural, and psychological challenges” and the subcategories of “lack of equipment, inappropriate management of human resources, deficiencies in protocols and instructions, weak staff training, occupational burnout, and weak socio-organizational support”.
 Conclusion: The prehospital emergencies of the countries have faced some challenges after the outbreak of COVID-19, which requires the implementation of adaptive strategies and the efforts of the authorities to solve them to prepare for similar crises.

Taking the spatio-temporal effects of climate change into account for Life Cycle Assessment of prospective scenarios to secure water supplies in agricultural areas

To cope with climate change, agricultural territories are forced to implement adaptation strategies, including the implementation of irrigation infrastructures. These strategies are deployed over a long term, and their environmental performance may vary in time and space due to climate change. Environmental assessment methods that include spatio-temporal dynamics must be developed to identify long term “no-regret” scenarios. This study proposes an innovative approach based on the coupling between a crop model, i.e. AquaCrop, and the Territorial-Life Cycle Assessment (T-LCA) framework. Results are exemplified and discussed, with comparison of scenarios with or without irrigation, between 1981 and 2099, at six contrasting locations in terms of climate and soil conditions for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 5-8.5 scenario developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The assessments report that climate change can affect the eco-efficiency of irrigated perimeters over time. Moreover, climate change may alter the conclusions of the comparison of scenarios with or without irrigation infrastructure at a given location. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is performed on key parameters of the study highlighting the importance of the electricity mix. Finally, spatio-temporal dynamics need to be considered to assess the environmental performance of long-term land planning scenarios and account for environmental effects such as climate change.

Climate Change is Affecting the Farmers of Agriculture in Karnataka State

The agricultural sector in Karnataka is suffering due to climate change. Farmers have had to adapt to rapidly changing climatic conditions, and the study's findings indicate that farmers' output, rising temperatures, and India's unpredictable and low rainfall are all consistent with climate data. Farmers in Karnataka have routinely and frequently implemented comprehensive adaptation strategies. Agriculture often uses interpretative and utilitarian resources, labor, and crop practices. Climate change might modify rainfall or temperature in Indian land areas, which can have an impact, on cropping practices. However, as farmers' adaptation strategies are a direct outcome of climate change in their output, the study highlights the need for more investment in the Indian agricultural sector as well as, in enhancing farmers' ability to produce. A successful policy must be developed in response to the farmers' shifting climatic circumstances and the outcomes they produce.

Calibration of the DSSAT-CERES Wheat Crop Model under Scenarios of Climate Change Adaptation and Biotic Stress

A field experiment was conducted during the 2018/2019 wheat growing season in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. This is to assess the potential impact of climate change on wheat production under different irrigation treatments using the DSSAT-CERES wheat simulation model and climate change scenarios; to determine the best sowing date to be used as an adaptation strategy under climate change scenarios. The model effectively simulates wheat yield, with a high goodness of fit and d-Stat value, and low root mean square per observation, resulting in an overall goodness of fit of average 13.8 kg/fed. The model's performance was satisfactory, with high R2 and d-Stat values and low RMSE/obs, with overall values of 0.830, 0.951, and 2.3 mm, respectively for water consumption. The CERES-Wheat model accurately simulates wheat yield and water consumption, allowing us to assess climate change's impact on wheat yield in 2030 and 2040.  The study shows a decrease in solar radiation (SR) by 1.9 and 2.1 MJ/m2/day in 2030 and 2040, while maximum temperature increases by 1.5 and 1.9°C due to climate change, and minimum temperature decreases by 1.8 and 2.3°C in 2030 and 2040. This results in an increase in potential evapotranspiration (PET) by 0.2 and 0.3 mm. The study predicts that season length will shorten in 2030 and 2040 due to temperature increases. In 2030, it will be reduced by 2, 4, and 4 days under different treatments. In 2040, it will be lower, with reductions of 3, 5, and 5 days. The study found that wheat yield losses would be lowest under the first sowing date and irrigation treatment, while the highest reductions were found under the third treatment. Climate change will reduce wheat water consumption due to shorter growing seasons and heat stress, with the lowest reductions occurring in 2030 and 2040 at 8 and 18%, respectively. The highest reductions in wheat yield were observed under the third sowing date and irrigation treatment. We suggest planting wheat in November, using full irrigation to prevent high-yield losses, and implementing adaptation strategies to reduce wheat plant vulnerability to climate change risks.

Farmers Feel the Climate Change: Variety Choice as an Adaptation Strategy of European Potato Farmers

Effects associated with a changing climate could severely threaten potato production in Europe. Hence, farmers need to take up adaptation measures to safeguard agricultural production. Collecting data from 553 farmers from 22 different European countries, our survey evaluates European potato farmers’ perceptions regarding the influence of climate change on local potato production, and their willingness to implement adaptation strategies. An overwhelming majority of survey respondents had already experienced the effects of climatic changes on their potato production. Specifically, drought and heat were identified as the most significant threats. The planting of an adapted variety was the preferred adaptation strategy, while farmers were also willing to take up changes in agricultural management practices. Survey respondents predominantly considered yield stability as the most important characteristic of an adapted variety, closely followed by heat tolerance, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and yield potential. When choosing a variety, the personal experience of the survey respondents as well as the experience of their peers were identified as the most important sources of information. Our survey gives valuable insights into the challenges European potato farmers are facing in times of climate change. Supplying farmers with better-adapted varieties would be a well-targeted and well-accepted measure to advance climate change adaptation.

Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022

Over 70,000 excess deaths occurred in Europe during the summer of 2003. The resulting societal awareness led to the design and implementation of adaptation strategies to protect at-risk populations. We aimed to quantify heat-related mortality burden during the summer of 2022, the hottest season on record in Europe. We analyzed the Eurostat mortality database, which includes 45,184,044 counts of death from 823 contiguous regions in 35 European countries, representing the whole population of over 543 million people. We estimated 61,672 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 37,643–86,807) heat-related deaths in Europe between 30 May and 4 September 2022. Italy (18,010 deaths; 95% CI = 13,793–22,225), Spain (11,324; 95% CI = 7,908–14,880) and Germany (8,173; 95% CI = 5,374–11,018) had the highest summer heat-related mortality numbers, while Italy (295 deaths per million, 95% CI = 226–364), Greece (280, 95% CI = 201–355), Spain (237, 95% CI = 166–312) and Portugal (211, 95% CI = 162–255) had the highest heat-related mortality rates. Relative to population, we estimated 56% more heat-related deaths in women than men, with higher rates in men aged 0–64 (+41%) and 65–79 (+14%) years, and in women aged 80+ years (+27%). Our results call for a reevaluation and strengthening of existing heat surveillance platforms, prevention plans and long-term adaptation strategies.

Perceptions of Climate Change Risk on Agriculture Livelihood in Savanna Region, Northern Togo

The agriculture sector in the Savanna region of Togo is especially vulnerable to weather fluctuations, which have an impact on crop production levels. However, farmers’ decisions to implement adaptation strategies are directly related to their perceptions of climate change risk. The current study employed a participatory workshop and household survey of 425 farmers to examine the drivers of specific climate change risks of interest (risk of loss of livelihood for farmers) and measure farmers’ level of climate change risk perception. A climate change risk perception score (CCRPS), descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, and K-means cluster analysis were used to analyze the data collected. The findings revealed that the most important changes in climate conditions affecting agricultural production in the study area were mainly the increased duration of dry spells, erratic rainfall, and an increase in extreme rainfall events. These climatic variations cause more floods and droughts, which, when coupled with socio-ecological vulnerability drivers, increase the impact of these events on agricultural livelihood, expose more farmers and their farmland, and contribute to the risk of farmers’ livelihood loss in the study area. Based on farmers’ appraisals of the occurrence of hazards, their exposure, and their vulnerability, farmers’ perceptions of climate risk have been classified into three categories: high, moderate, and low. This finding sheds some light on farmers’ climate change risk perception, which may influence their adaptation decision. These findings can be used to increase the uptake of adaptation strategies and thus the resilience of Savanna region agriculture to climate change.

Challenges Faced by Smallholder Farmers in the Implementation of Adaptation Strategies to Climate Variability in the Arid and Semi-Arid Areas in Kenya

Smallholder Farmers in Kenya have several challenges in implementing adaptation strategies due to the prevailing climate change and variability. It is unclear how various challenges have affected the farmers, especially in Evurore division, Embu County. Therefore, this paper examined the challenges smallholder farmers face in implementing adaptation strategies to climate variability in Kenya's arid and semi-arid areas. The study adopted a descriptive research design with a target population of 50,620 people from 13,008 households in the Evurore division. A sample of 169 respondents was selected scientifically from the target population using the Yamane Taro formula. The sample population was also comprised of 17 key officials purposively chosen for the study. The study relied on primary and secondary data obtained using semi-structured questionnaires and published metrological data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and frequencies and regression analysis. The paper established that implementing the adaptation strategies has been minimal due to smallholder farmers' challenges, including a lack of training for smallholder farmers on climate-smart agriculture, conservation agriculture, soil conservation, and water conservation. These challenges negatively influenced the farmer's adaptation strategies. This study used a regression model to determine the relationship between the smallholder farmers' perception of climate change and the adaptation strategies used to adapt to climate change. The study results indicate a significant positive correlation between challenges ( r = 0.068; p < 0.05). The paper recommended that the government, through agricultural extension officers, train farmers on the effective implementation of adaptive strategies in the region. Keywords: Climate Variability, Arid and semi-arid areas, Smallholder Farmers and Adaptation Strategies to Climate variability DOI: 10.7176/JEES/13-3-05 Publication date: April 30 th 2023

Factors Affecting the Choice of Adaptation Strategies to Climate Extremes: The Case of Smallholder farmers in Southern Zambia

This study assesses the adaptation of smallholder farmers to climate extremes and its contributing factors in Zambia’s southern province. The study employed primary data collected from 270 smallholder farmers, and these constituted the sample size.  According to the study's findings, change crop variety was adopted by 43% of the farmers. Other strategies of adaptation that were employed include; agricultural insurance, change sow/harvest date, crop diversification and soil conservation.   The findings also showed that the various strategies of adaptation (agricultural insurance, change sow/harvest date, crop diversification and soil conservation), correlated positively with age, education, distance, farming experience, ownership of a radio, an ox, a plough, and extension source. The study makes the following recommendations; (a) enhancing the education and awareness level of farmers towards climate extreme, (b) improving farmers’ access to agricultural assets (plough, oxen etc), and (c) when developing and implementing adaptation strategies, farming experience should be taken into account.